How to Understand Existentialism in Simple Terms

Existentialism is a philosophical movement that focuses on individual existence, freedom, and the search for meaning in a world that often feels indifferent. It can seem complex at first, but breaking it down into core ideas makes it more approachable. This article aims to explain existentialism in a straightforward way, highlighting its key concepts and why they matter.

What Is Existentialism?

At its heart, existentialism is about the human condition. It emerged in the 19th and 20th centuries through thinkers like Søren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Jean-Paul Sartre. These philosophers questioned traditional ideas about purpose and morality, arguing that life doesn’t come with a preset meaning. Instead, individuals must create their own purpose through choices and actions.

One of the central ideas is that existence precedes essence. This means we are not born with a defined purpose or nature. Unlike a tool, which is made with a specific function in mind, humans exist first and then define who they are through their decisions. This freedom to shape our lives can be both empowering and daunting, as it places full responsibility on the individual.

Another key concept is the absurd, a term often associated with Albert Camus. The absurd arises from the conflict between our desire for meaning and the universe’s apparent indifference. Existentialists suggest that instead of despairing over this lack of inherent purpose, we can embrace it by living authentically and creating our own values.

Why Existentialism Matters Today

Existentialism remains relevant because it addresses questions many of us face: Why am I here? How do I find meaning in my life? In a world filled with uncertainty, this philosophy encourages us to take ownership of our choices rather than relying on external systems or beliefs to define us. It pushes us to confront difficult truths about freedom and responsibility.

For example, consider a moment when you felt lost or unsure of your path. Existentialism would say that this discomfort is natural, as there is no universal guidebook for life. Instead of seeking answers outside yourself, you have the power to decide what matters to you—whether that’s relationships, creativity, or personal growth—and act accordingly.

This perspective can be liberating. It reminds us that even in a seemingly indifferent world, we have the ability to shape our own stories. At the same time, it acknowledges the weight of that freedom. Making choices without a guaranteed “right” answer can feel overwhelming, but it also means we are not bound by rigid expectations.

Starting Points for Exploration

If you’re new to existentialism, a good way to dive deeper is by reading works from key thinkers. Sartre’s Nausea or Camus’ The Stranger offer accessible entry points through fiction, illustrating existential themes in relatable ways. For a more direct approach, Sartre’s essay Existentialism Is a Humanism explains the philosophy in clear terms.

You can also reflect on your own life through an existential lens. Ask yourself how you define meaning in your day-to-day choices. Are you living in a way that aligns with what you truly value, or are you following paths set by others? These questions don’t need immediate answers, but thinking about them can help you engage with existential ideas on a personal level.

Existentialism isn’t about finding all the answers. It’s about wrestling with the questions and recognizing that the act of searching is itself a meaningful part of being human. By understanding its core ideas, you can start to see how this philosophy applies to your own experiences and choices.